Case Study On-Information Systems in an e-Commerce Organization

e-commerce (electronic commerce or EC)

E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. The terms e-commerce and e-business are often used interchangeably. The term e-tail is also sometimes used in reference to transactional process for online shopping.

History of e-commerce

The beginnings of e-commerce can be traced to the 1960s, when businesses started using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to share business documents with other companies. In 1979, the American National Standards Institute developed ASC X12 as a universal standard for businesses to share documents through electronic networks. After the number of individual users sharing electronic documents with each other grew in the 1980s, in the 1990s the rise of eBay and Amazon revolutionized the e-commerce industry. Consumers can now purchase endless amounts of items online, both from typical brick and mortar stores with e-commerce capabilities and one another.

E-commerce applications

E-commerce is conducted using a variety of applications, such as email, online catalogs and shopping carts, EDI, File Transfer Protocol, and web services. This includes business-to-business activities and outreach such as using email for unsolicited ads (usually viewed as spam) to consumers and other business prospects, as well as to send out e-newsletters to subscribers. More companies now try to entice consumers directly online, using tools such as digital coupons, social media marketing and targeted advertisements.

Government regulations for e-commerce

In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council are among the primary agencies that regulate e-commerce activities. The FTC monitors activities such as online advertising, content marketing and customer privacy, while the PCI Council develops standards and rules including PCI-DSS compliance that outlines procedures for proper handling and storage of consumers' financial data.To ensure the security, privacy and effectiveness of e-commerce, businesses should authenticate business transactions, control access to resources such as webpages for registered or selected users, encrypt communications and implement security technologies such as the Secure Sockets Layer and two factor authentication.

Case Study On Indian Railway Information Managamnet System

Information Systems in Indian Railways:

Indian Railways establishment rules are detailed in Indian Railways Establishment codes, Manuals and any changes will be notified through Gazette as well as Circulars from Railway Board.  Some of the extracts of the establishment rules are reproduced on this site.

The articles are intended to be interpretation of Establishment Rules detailed in Manuals and Codes.  In any case of any doubt readers are requested to refer the Manuals and Circulars published on the Indian Railways website.

General Information about Indian Railway 

• Railways all over the world progressively implements Information Technology for improvement in efficiency and for better management.
• Computerised Management Information System (MIS) helps in planning, monitoring and decision making of all modern Railways.
• On IR the development of a system for availability of information on freight operations as an aid to decision making was mooted and first sanctioned in 1983-84 as due to the sheer size and complexity of freight operations the management of freight operations was highly complex.
• Central Organisation for Freight Operations Information System (COFOIS ) which was later replaced by Centre for Railway Information System with a wider scope.
• A prototype of Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) application software comprising Rake Management System (RMS) and Terminal Management System (TMS) was developed by CRIS and implemented in Northern Railway in 2000.
• RMS covered various operational functions relating to routing, tracking and yard activities and had seven submodules while TMS covered the commercial activities pertaining to goods’ sheds such as generation and accounting of Railway Receipts etc and had 11 sub-modules.
• This system is indigenously developed and at present fully functional on Broad Gauge system.
• CRIS also maintains the Systems for Unreserved Ticketing System(UTS) and Passenger Reservation System(PRS)

Integrated Database Management

• Development of an integrated MIS through a Data warehouse comprising Unreserved Ticketing System(UTS), Passenger Reservation System(PRS) and FOIS is proposed.
• The proposed system will boost efficiency. Development of application have been distributed among three pilot projects with an aim to make optimum utilisation of available recourses and to implement the project in a time bound manner with pilot sites at Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi Divisions.
• The project is designed to develop and implement functional modules on the pilot sites and replication of same all over the IR in a phased manner.
• The project is designed to meet the information needs of Managers at Divisional, Zonal and Board levels.
• So far the computerisation on Indian Railways have been in customer related areas like Passenger Reservation(PRS), FOIS, National Train Enquiry System(NTES) etc and some other areas relating to payroll, financial management and inventory and the work done is mainly from the EDP centres attached to Divisional, headquarters offices.
• In order to develop a really integrated and comprehensive information system useful to all level of management , it is necessary to have computer based applications of all underlying activities covering all departments like Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Signal and Telecommunications , Security, Medical etc.
• In order to complete this herculean task in a time bound manner the work is segregated to the pilot sites and modular approach is done for developing functional modules for each department.
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UML Diagrams for Railway Reservation

Unified Modelling Language Practicals. This Subject is called as UML in Mumbai University MCA Colleges. Below is the case study of it for the construction of different UML diagrams

Case Study :-RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

Railway Reservation System is a system used for booking tickets over internet.Any Customer Can book tickets for different trains.Customer can book a ticket only if the tickets are available.Customer searches for the availability of tickets then if the tickets are available he books the tickets by initially filling details in a form.Tickets can be booked in two ways by i-ticket or by e-ticket booking.

In case of i-ticket booking customer can book the tickets online and the tickets are couriered to Particular customer at their address.But in case of e-ticket booking and cancelling tickets are booked and cancelled online sitting at the home and customer himself has to take print of the ticket but in both the cases amount for tickets are deducted from customers account. 

For cancellation of ticket the customer has to go at reservation office than fill cancellation form and ask the clerk to cancel the ticket than the refund is transferred to customer account.After booking ticket the customer has to checkout by paying fare amount to clerk.

Use Case Diagram :- Railway Reservation

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR BOOKING TICKET:

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR CANCEL TICKET:

CLASS DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM:

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM FOR CANCEL TICKET:

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM FOR BOOKING TICKET:

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM FOR CANCEL TICKET:

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM FOR BOOKING TICKET:

DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM:

COMPONENT DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM :

Assignment No :01

Sub: ISEE

Q1. What are the elements & Components of INFOSYS?

Q2. Explain Information System Types.

Q3. Explain All six Typical Information systems 

Q4. Explain All six Typical INFOSYS Development cycles



 * Last date of Checking 11th July 2017